Browse Entities (People & Organizations)

University of Michigan professor of speech and director of the University's Broadcasting Service.

Graydon Ausmus (1911 - 1978) was a radio broadcasting executive who formerly ran The University of Alabama’s Radio Broadcasting Service Extension division at WUOA-FM starting in the late 40s. In addition to his leadership role at WUOA, he became involved with the NAEB very early on in the 40s, serving first on the Board of Directors (1947-49), then at different times as President (1952-54), Vice President (1950-51), and Treasurer. Through the 50s he oversaw many flagship documentary series at WUOA, including 'Document: Deep South' and others. In the late 60s, he began taking on more creative roles at WUOA, including producing and narrating such shows as 'The Golden Gulf' about the Gulf of Mexico.

T. M. Beaird was born in 1898. A graduate of the University of Oklahoma, Beaird served as director of the University of Oklahoma Extension Division Lecture and Entertainment Service from 1926-1937. He also began working as a program director for WNAD at the University of Oklahoma in 1927. Beaird served in various positions within the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, including as a member of the Board of Directors in 1929, and as Executive Secretary from 1931 to 1934. In 1936 he began working with the University of Oklahoma Association. Beaird died in 1950.

Robert Beck, Regents' professor emeritus of history and philosophy of education at the University of Minnesota, was asked to complete a comprehensive history of the College of Education. The project was underwritten by the College of Education and the Education Development and Planning Office. Dr. Beck completed interviews with former college faculty and administrations, conducted research in University Archives and studied unpublished essays regarding the college to complete his work. Beyond Pedagogy: A History of the University of Minnesota College of Education was published in 1980.

Robert Holmes Beck was born on November 25, 1918 in New York City. He earned his B.A. in 1939 from Harvard University and his Ph.D. in 1942 from Yale University. From 1943 to 1947, Dr. Beck served in the U.S. Army. After his military service, Dr. Beck joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor of education. He was promoted to full professor in 1951 and named professor of history and philosophy of education in 1959.

Dr. Beck conducted extensive research in the history and philosophy of educational institutions around the world. He studied in the Netherlands (1955-1956) as a Fulbright Researcher; served a fellowship at the Hebrew University in Israel (1960); was a fellow in the former Soviet Union (1958, 1968 and 1978); studied education institutions in Europe for one year (1967-1968); and researched polytechincal education in East Germany (1984). In 1976, Dr. Beck was named a Regents' professor, the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a faculty member at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Beck retired from the University of Minnesota in 1989 as Regents' professor emeritus. Robert Beck died on December 31, 1991.

Public information officer at University Hospital of the University of Michigan.

Cecil S. Bidlack was born July 2, 1903. He attended Ohio State University, which he graduated from in 1925. In 1928, he worked as an Assistant Announcer and Operator for WEAO radio station at Ohio State University. Bidlack worked as the Television Engineer for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters from at least 1955 to 1958. He authored the TV Technical Tips column in the NAEB's monthly newsletter, and in 1958 also served as Editor for the NAEB Engineering Newsletter. Bidlack died on October 16, 1995.

Francis Murray Boddy was born on 21 September 1906 in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. He earned his B.A. in 1930, M.A. in 1936 and Ph.D. in 1939 from the University of Minnesota. Dr. Boddy joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota in 1934 as an instructor in economics. He became a full professor in 1946. In 1961, Dr. Boddy was appointed as associate dean of the graduate school of business administration. He served as associate dean until 1973, while continuing to teach in the department of economics. Dr. Boddy was considered an expert in state finances and served as a consultant to many governors of Minnesota, including Orville Freeman, Al Quie and Wendell Anderson. Dr. Boddy retired from the University of Minnesota in 1975. Francis Boddy died in March 1983.

Werner Boehm was a social work educator, primarily at Rutgers University. He directed an important study of curriculum for the Council on Social Work Education from 1955 to 1960 and maintained an active interest in social work history.

John Borchert, B.A. (1941) DePauw University; M.A. (1946), Ph.D. (1949) University of Wisconsin. Regents' professor of geography at the University of Minnesota. Known for his work in urban geography, land use, and climate and water resources. University of Minnesota map library named in his honor upon his retirement (1989).

John R. Borchert was born in Chicago on October 24, 1918 and grew up in Crown Point, Indiana. He earned his B.A. in geology from DePauw University in 1941. During World War II, he studied weather patterns to assist the Allied forces in the bombing campaigns of Germany. After the war, he returned to pursue an education in geography, earning his M.A. in 1946 and Ph.D. in 1949 from the University of Wisconsin. He spent two years as an instructor at the University of Wisconsin (1947-1949), before joining the faculty of the University of Minnesota. In 1949, Dr. Borchert was appointed as assistant professor of geography, was promoted to associate professor in 1949 and made full professor in 1956. He was also chair of the Department of Geography from 1956 to 1961. In addition to his teaching duties at the University, Dr. Borchert was Associate Dean of the Graduate School (1965), first Director of the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (1968-1977) and Special Assistant to the Vice President for Educational Relationships and Development (1966-1968). In 1981, Dr. Borchert was named Regents' professor, the highest honor bestowed upon a faculty member at the University of Minnesota.

Dr. Borchert's teaching and research emphasis was in the areas of the geography of natural resources, land development, and settlement in the Midwest and the United States. He was well known for his research on climate and water resources of the Midwest and for publications on the urbanization of the Upper Midwest, the evolution of metropolitan areas and highway development and public land policies in Minnesota. Upon his retirement from the University of Minnesota in 1989, the map library at the University was renamed the John R. Borchert Map Library, in honor of his accomplishments in the field of geography. Dr. Borchert was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Association of American Geographers, Urban Land Institute, National Council for Geographic Education and American Institute of Planners. John Borchert died on March 30, 2001.

Supplement to the December 1949 issue of Labor and Industry in Britain. It is a revision of an earlier article, now out of print.

J. William Buchta was born near Osceola, Nebraska in 1894. He graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1920, received a masters degree in electrical engineering the following year, and a Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1925. He was a professor of physics a the University from 1925 through 1962, serving as chairman of the Department of Physics from 1938-1953 and Assistant Dean of the Senior College of Science, Literature and the Arts from 1941-1962. Buchta was editor of the journals The Physical Review and Review of Modern Physics from 1931-1957 and in 1963 established the journal The American Physics Teacher . He wrote numerous articles for these and other journals on the topics of modern physics and physics education in secondary schools and colleges. He was a member of the Minnesota Academy of Science, serving as president from 1940-1941. He was also a member of the American Association of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sigma XI. He was recognized by the Physics Teacher's Association of America for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics. in 1962. He died in 1966.

Radio station director and National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) chairman.

Edwin Gladding Burrows was born on July 23, 1917 in Dallas, Texas to Millar and Irene Gladding Burrows. He received a B.A. from Yale University in 1938 and a M.A. from the University of Michigan in 1940. His first marriage to Gwen Lemon ended in divorce in 1972. He remarried in December of 1973. Burrows has three sons Edwin Gwynne, Daniel William, and David John.

While studying literature at Yale, Burrows worked part time at WICC New Haven, from 1936 to 1938, as a newscaster, announcer, and actor. He left Connecticut to enter the masters program in literature at the University of Michigan. Upon receiving his masters degree, he joined the staff of WWJ-FM in Detroit as an announcer. He moved up the ranks to Program Manager. He left WWJ for active duty as a Lieutenant in the U.S. Naval Reserve. He served as a deck and combat information officer for carriers in the Pacific theater from 1943 to 1946

After the war, he returned to Michigan and began working as Program Director at WPAG, Ann Arbor, from 1946 to 1948. His public radio positions started in 1948 as program director at WUOM, Ann Arbor. Then, he helped create WGVR Grand Rapids in 1961 . In 1966, he was made manager of WUOM and WGVR. After a stint as Director of the National Center for Audio Experimentation at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1970 to 1973, Burrows returned to WUOM/WGVR as executive producer, a position he held until 1982. During 1968 to 1970, and 1975 to 1980, as part of a three-hour a week cultural arts program called "The Eleventh Hour", Burrows interviewed some 500 individuals including Alvin Ailey, Robert Bly, Peter DeVries, Joyce Carol Oates, and Kurt Vonnegut. Finally, from 1948 to 1970 and from 1973 to 1980, he designed and edited the WUOM/WGVR Monthly Program Guide.

While at WUOM, Burrows helped charter the radio division of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), National Educational Radio (NER) . He served as Region III Director, (Region III covered Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin,) on the board of NER. In 1965, he was elected Chairman of the Board of NER. He also chaired the NAEB Network Advisory Committee and the NAEB Board. In 1967, Burrows successfully lobbied for the inclusion of radio in the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 . By the end of the sixties, he had become Associate Director of the University of Michigan Broadcasting Service along with his other roles.

Paul M. Burson was a Professor of Soil Science at the Institute of Agriculture at the University of Minnesota. Burson appeared on radio programs at both UMN's KUOM radio station and the University of Wisconsin's WHA radio station.

Richard Calhoun was a radio producer for station WBUR at Boston University. He produced series such as "Hall of song".

Elizabeth Carlson was a radio writer for station WHA at the University of Wisconsin. She wrote series including "To every man his due" and "Smoke?".

Mattie Clark (b. 1941) was a storyteller whose stories primarily revolved around African-American culture. Clark began her storytelling career as a volunteer teacher's aide, eventually making it a full-time job. She was active in schools and libraries, as well as nursing homes, hospitals, and many other settings where her stories reached people of all ages. Clark was very involved in the Twin Cities Black Storytellers Alliance and the National Association of Black Storytellers, which gave her the Esteemed Elder Award in 2006. She hosted many radio programs for University of Minnesota station KUOM, including series "Black Folk Tales" and "Sundown, with Mattie Clark" as part of the Minnesota School of the Air in the 1970s. In the 1980s, Clark wrote a regular column for the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. She also appeared on radio station KMOJ in Minneapolis. Clark died in 2010.

Dr. John Strother Clayton was born April 17, 1925 in Arkansas. He began his career in radio with Armed Forces Radio in France after World War II. Clayton was writer and director for many successful radio programs produced by the University of North Carolina around the 1950s. He later earned a doctorate from Yale University, and returned to the University of North Carolina to teach and work on educational media projects. Clayton died on April 25, 2019 at age 94.

Norman Cleary was a radio broadcaster and producer for station WOI at Iowa State University. He worked on series including "Roots of jazz" and "America's African heritage".

Robert J. Coleman was the long-time director of WKAR, Michigan State University's radio station and an NAEB member station. He was affiliated with WKAR from at least 1935 until 1958, when he retired from Michigan State. During his career, he also served in several leadership positions within NAEB, including on the Board of Directors from 1943-1945, as Vice President from 1946-1947, as Chairman of the NAEB Region III Research Committee in 1953, and as NAEB Treasurer in 1959.

William James Connell was born in Chicago on September 2, 1925, the son of Lowell M. and Bernadette (Tuff) Connell, and spent his youth in California, Kentucky, and Texas. He received a B.A. degree from the University of Texas, Austin, in 1945, a M.A. degree from the University of Minnesota in 1947, and was a teaching assistant at the University of Texas, 1946-1947.

Connell served in World War II, receiving his commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy in February 1945, and remaining on active duty until May 1946. He also served during the Korean War, 1950-1952. He continues to hold the rank of commander, USNR (Ret.).

From 1948 through 1950, and in 1952, Connell was employed by the University of Minnesota, first as script editor in the University's radio station, then as assistant director of university relations.

Connell joined the staff of United States Senator (Minn.) Hubert H. Humphrey in 1955 as executive assistant. From 1961 to 1965 he was Humphrey's administrative assistant, and his executive assistant from 1965 to 1968. He also assisted in the Humphrey senatorial campaign of 1970. At the end of Humphrey's vice presidential term Connell became president of Concepts Associates of Washington, D.C., a documentary film-making company. The firm also engages in public relations and political consulting.

Connell married Phyllis Batson on March 3, 1945. They have three children: William V., Cary A., and Thomas.

Jonathan W. Curvin was a communications scholar and radio broadcaster. He earned his Ph.D. from Cornell and worked at Vanderbilt University's Department of Communication Studies from 1941 to 1946. Later, Curvin was a radio host for the University of Wisconsin radio station WHA, hosting programs in series including "America on stage" and "Homemaker's Program".

Northrop Dawson, Jr. (b. 1915) was a radio producer who worked at the University of Minnesota station KUOM. Dawson produced radio series such as "Tales of Minnesota" at KUOM. He also served on the National Association of Educational Broadcasters Tape Network Acceptance Committee. Dawson, Jr. died in 2011.

Francis Duffy (b. 1915) was a sociology professor at Duquesne University. He earned his Ph.D. in Social Science from the University of Pittsburgh. Duffy appeared on several radio programs produced by station WDUQ at Duquesne University as part of the series "Exploring the child's world". Duffy died in 2010.

John W. Dunn was born on December 2, 1903. For much of his career, he worked at the University of Oklahoma, at WNAD radio station from at least 1947 to at least 1955, and as Director of the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority and Director of Radio and Television at the University of Oklahoma in 1954.

Dunn held many positions in the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. From 1944-1946, he was a member of the NAEB Board of Directors. From 1947-1948, he was the NAEB Vice President. Also in 1947, he proposed the NAEB adopt a regional model, in which every U.S. state was divided into one of six regions. This proposal was adopted and became integral to the NAEB's operations over the years. From 1951-1952, Dunn again served on the Board of Directors, and in 1952 was also the Region V Director and the chair of the NAEB Membership Committee. In 1953 and 1954, Dunn once again served as the NAEB's Vice President. Dunn died on September 28, 1991 and is buried in Norman, Oklahoma.

Engineer and broadcasting executive A. James Ebel was born in Waterloo, Iowa on May 30, 1913 and attended Iowa State Teacher's College and the State University of Iowa where he graduated with a B.A. in Math and Physics in 1937. His long career in public broadcasting started in 1937 when he moved with his wife and the first of their four children to Indiana to work part time for radio station WBAA and to start a masters degree at Purdue. One day, after working at the station only a month, he returned home to find the broadcaster Joe Wright sitting on his front porch and speaking highly of his recent article in Electronics Magazine. Wright offered Ebel a job as chief engineer with the University of Illinois' WILL in Champaign, where Ebel worked until 1946. At WILL, Ebel designed the station's first FM transmitter relying only on plans and articles he had read in trade magazines. WILL received an educational FM license in 1941. In addition to working at WILL, Ebel also finished his master's degree in Electrical Engineering, announced Big Ten basketball and football games, and became executive secretary for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) . In addition Ebel tested acetate discs for NAEB.

In 1946, Ebel began work in commercial broadcasting by taking a position as director of engineering with WMBD of Peoria and its sister station WDZ of Decatur. In 1952, he became president of KXIC in Iowa City, and in 1954 he moved to Lincoln as vice president and general manager of KOLN-TV, a station owned by Fetzer Broadcasting. When Mr. Fetzer decided to sell this station, Ebel, showing concern for educational television, persuaded him to give the equipment to the University of Nebraska. Ebel managed a number of Fetzer's stations including KGIN-TV in Grand Island, Nebaska and KMEG-TV in Sioux City, Iowa. He also became director of Fetzer Broadcasting and Fetzer Communications. Ebel continued to work for Fetzer until its Nebraska interests were sold to George Gillett. He then became a consultant and industry representative for Gillett. Ebel was also an enthusiastic friend and benefactor of Nebraska ETV and was instrumental in the Channel 12 assignment to KUON-TV in Lincoln in the early 1950s. In 1988 he retired and has continued consulting.

Throughout his career, Ebel promoted new broadcasting technologies. Not only did he implement FM radio at its early stages, but he also enthusiastically promoted both satellite technology and high density television (HDTV). In 1967 as chairman of the CBS Affiliates Satellite Transmission Committee, Ebel informed the affiliates how to use satellites to connect with the networks in the most cost-efficient manner that would still guarantee high picture quality. In 1970 he headed the Combined ABC, CBS, NBC Affiliates New Technologies Committee. This committee filed reports to the Federal Communications Commission's Domestic Satellite Committee that later proved useful to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in their effort to interconnect all PBS stations by satellite. In addition, Ebel's duties on this committee allowed him to study HDTV and advise the FCC on its impact. Following his retirement, he continued to show interest in HDTV by representing the Nebraska Educational Television commission on the subject.

Ebel had many significant honors and recognitions during his career. In 1973 he was selected by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters as Engineering Man of the Year. The following year the University of Nebraska School of Journalism elected Ebel to the Nebraska Broadcasters Associations Hall of Fame. In 1971, 1977, 1979, 1983, and 1988 he served as a U.S. delegate to the World Administrative Radio Conference in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1997, he retired as a member of the National Advisory Committee on High Definition Television.

A. James Ebel died in 1998.

Lee Eitzen was born April 8, 1920 in Minnesota. He earned a Master of Music degree from the University of Michigan in 1950. During his career he worked in radio and broadcasting at WSUI (University of Iowa), WUOM (University of Michigan), KWLC (Luther College), and Columbia Broadcasting Company. From at least 1953 to at least 1955, Eitzen worked as a program director at the University of Iowa's WSUI radio station. During this time, he served as composer, conductor, and production manager for the radio series "How's the family". In 1955, he was a member of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters' Radio Network Committee Program Planning Subcommittee and the Grants-in-Aid Committee. Eitzen died on April 4, 1981 in Michigan.

Walter Byron Emery was born September 28, 1907 in Howell, Ohio. Emery was involved in broadcasting and education for much of his career, serving on the Federal Communications Commission's legal staff in 1935, 1936, and from 1943 to 1953. Around 1955, Emery worked as a consultant for the Joint Committee on Educational Television (later the Joint Council on Educational Television). Emery served on the editorial board of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters Journal from 1957-1958, and editor of the same journal from 1961-1963. During this time, Emery worked as a professor at Michigan State University.

At other points in his career, Emery worked as the station director at WNAD, the University of Oklahoma's radio station, as a professor at the University of Oklahoma, the University of Wisconsin, Ohio State University, and Washington University. He died May 9, 1973, and is buried in Columbus, Ohio.

Wallace Fanning was a radio broadcaster at Georgetown University. He was the moderator of the series "Georgetown forum" from 1968 to 1969.

The Feminist Radio Network operated out of station WGTB at Georgetown University. It produced a wide variety of programs covering a range of topics, including music ("Jazz Women"), politics ("Abortion Report"), and interviews with feminist figures. The FRN also produced a newsletter called "Calliope".

Marguerite Fleming was the director of radio station KSLH in St. Louis, Missouri. Fleming served as the chairman of the Program Planning Subcommittee of the Radio Network School Committee for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. She also served as the vice-chairman of the overall Radio Network School Committee. In 1954, Fleming organized the In-School Radio Program Writers' Seminar of the NAEB, which brought together broadcasters who wrote radio programs specifically for school use. By this time, Fleming was on the NAEB's Board of Directors and the chairman of the In-School Program Committee.

Broadcasting executive.

President, Fund for Adult Education, Ford Foundation, 1951-1961; Chief Executive Officer and Director, Educational Television Stations division, National Association of Educational Broadcasters, 1964-1967.

Non-commercial, educational television pioneer, C. (Cyril) Scott Fletcher, was born July 28, 1904 in Sydney, Australia to Michael Scott and Winifred Sarah Fletcher. He attended Newington College in Sydney, Australia from 1916 to 1918 and then the University of Sydney, from 1919 to 1922. At Sydney University C. Scott Fletcher received a diploma in Economics and Commerce.

During his enrollment at Sydney University, Fletcher joined Cayce-Paul Motors Limited, the Studebaker distributor in New South Wales, Australia. There he worked as a mechanic in the works and assembly plant. Fletcher eventually joined the Studebaker Corporation of Australasia Limited. At Studebaker, he worked his way up the corporate ladder and served in a variety of managerial positions at various international sites including: China, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States and Rhodesia. He eventually became the international vice-president of Studebaker, just prior to World War II. At Studebaker, Fletcher was able to learn the automobile industry, travel the globe and befriend the president of Studebaker, Paul Hoffman.

It was Paul Hoffman who requested Fletcher be given leave from Studebaker to join United China Relief Inc. There, he became the Executive Vice Chairman of United China Relief Inc., in 1942, and helped raise over 7 million dollars for the Chinese allies of the United States.

In the year 1942, Fletcher also joined the Committee for Economic Development (CED), in Washington D.C., and served as its Field Director from 1942 to 1943. In New York from 1943 to 1946 Fletcher served as the Executive Director of the Committee and from 1947 to 1952 he was a trustee. The goal of the Committee for Economic Development was to facilitate a quick transition from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy. The aims of the Committee were to stimulate economic development and provide jobs. These goals were reached under the leadership of C. Scott Fletcher until his resignation in 1946 from both the Committee for Economic Development and also the Studebaker Corporation. In 1946 Fletcher was appointed as a trustee to CED, a position which he held until he was asked to join the Ford Foundation in 1951.

While a trustee at the Committee for Economic Development, Fletcher was asked by William Benton, Publisher of Encyclopedia Britannica, to become the President of Encyclopedia Britannica Films Inc., Chicago, Illinois. With Encyclopedia Britannica Films, he oversaw the creation of films and filmstrips for classroom purposes. This marked the beginning of C. Scott Fletcher's career in education.

C. Scott Fletcher remained President of Encyclopedia Britannica Films from 1946 to 1951. In late 1950, William Benton, vice-chairman of the Committee for Economic Development, talked with Paul Hoffman who had become the director of the Ford Foundation, about convincing C. Scott Fletcher to become president of an unnamed Fund. This fund was to be established through the Ford Foundation and with its focus on adult education. The unnamed fund in May of 1951 became the Fund for Adult Education. In January of 1951 C. Scott Fletcher joined the Ford Foundation, having resigned from Encyclopedia Britannica Films, and became president of the Fund for Adult Education. It was as president of the Fund for Adult Education that C. Scott Fletcher began his work in the field of non-commercial educational television .

C. Scott Fletcher, during his ten years with the Fund for Adult Education, helped establish and fund the first thirty non-commercial television stations in the United States. He was instrumental in garnering support from civic and business leaders, government officials, educators and citizens for the establishment of ETV (educational television) stations across the country. He also helped to fund the first National Educational Television and Radio Program Center in 1954, which marked the beginning of the national program service. Under Fletcher's leadership, the Ford Foundation's Fund For Adult Education provided more than $11,000,000 for the advancement of educational television over a ten-year period. During his ten years at the Fund for Adult Education, 1951-1961, Fletcher remained a loyal advocate of non-commercial television as an educational vehicle.

Eventually the Fund for Adult Education was reabsorbed by its parent, the Ford Foundation. Fletcher decided to retire from the field of education and educational television and establish his own management and communications consulting business in 1961, which he maintained until 1972.

In 1964 Fletcher returned from retirement to become the Chief Executive Officer and Director of Educational Television Stations (ETS), a division of the National Association for Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) . ETS, under Fletcher, was responsible for the founding of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) . CPB was signed into existence by President Lyndon B. Johnson, November 7, 1967, after the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 . The efforts of C.Scott Fletcher combined with those of ETS, NAEB, and the Carnegie Commission, were influential forces that enabled the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Fletcher served as a Chief Liaison Officer between ETS and NAEB from 1967-1971 and then in 1971 he retired from the field for a second time.

After his final retirement, C. Scott Fletcher remained active in many causes such as the "save the beaches" campaign in his hometown in Florida. Throughout his later years he maintained constant correspondence with congressmen and businessmen, stating his opinions and sharing his stories.

C. Scott Fletcher died in Pasadena, California, March 17, 1991.

Professor.

Roy G. Francis was born December 25, 1919. He served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942-1945, and received degrees from various institutions, culminating with postdoctoral studies in mathematics at Harvard University. He held several professor positions at different universities before coming to the University of South Florida in 1974. During his tenure at USF, he served as Professor of Sociology and as Chairman of the Department of Sociology. He retired in 1993.

John Freund was a professor in the English Department at Western Michigan University. From 1962 to 1963 he hosted the radio program "Where minds meet" along with Arnold Nelson, which was produced by Western Michigan University.

The Fund for Adult Education (FAE) was a subsidiary foundation established and supported by the Ford Foundation. Founded in 1951, the Fund had as its purpose to aid and to encourage liberal adult education especially in political, economic, and international affairs and the humanities, with emphasis on study-discussion. However, because of the coincidence of history, the Fund became the main instrument in the establishment of an educational broadcasting system (particularly ETV) in the United States. The Fund had its own board of directors and staff, and it was both a grant-giving and an operating organization. During its early years, the Fund financed the sometimes controversial Test Cities experiment, the purpose of which was to ascertain the best ways to coordinate and stimulate adult education activities, community by community. The Test Cities Project involved individuals and institutions in thirteen United States communities in an experimental and novel educational project. Each of the participating Test Cities programs was independent of the Fund and controlled its own programs. The Fund officially ended its activities in 1961, although it continued as a legal entity (just as some of the projects to which it gave long-term grants continued) after 1961. Description

The Fund for Adult Education was established by the Ford Foundation.

Arthur Campbell Garnett (b. 1894) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin who also appeared on several radio programs from station WHA. He appeared on series including "University Forum" and "Our Enemies and Our Allies". Garnett died in 1970.

Born 1907 in New York City; wrote radio and television scripts as well as motion picture plays, theater plays, and short stories.

Phillip S. Gelb was a radio broadcaster for station KUOM at the University of Minnesota. Gelb produced series including "Security and civil rights" and "Ideas and the Theatre", and also wrote for series such as "People or puppets?".

Elizabeth "Betty" Thomas Girling was born in 1917 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota. She earned her B.A. in 1940, B.S. in 1947 and her M.S. in education in 1948, all from the University of Minnesota. Girling joined the staff of the University of Minnesota's KUOM radio station in 1940 as an administrative fellow. She became program director in 1941 and was appointed as director of the Minnesota School of the Air in 1946. The Minnesota School for the Air broadcasted educational programs to school children in the Minneapolis area. Betty T. Girling died on January 10, 1979.

Sheldon Goldstein was a professor of speech and communications and Director of Media Resources at the University of Minnesota. Goldstein hosted and acted in numerous programs for UMN radio station KUOM, including the series "Guthrie Greenroom". Goldstein was active in the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, representing KUOM at the NAEB Region IV Meeting in January 1959. Goldstein died in 2014.

Bill Golfus was a radio producer for station KUOM at the University of Minnesota. Golfus worked on series including "Look What We Found" as part of the Minnesota School of the Air.

Patty Goodwin was a radio broadcaster for station KUOM at the University of Minnesota. She worked on series such as "Look What We Found" as part of the Minnesota School of the Air.

Professor and broadcasting executive.

President National Association of Educational Broadcasters, 1960-1975; director of Joint Council on Educational Television (JCET), 1960-1975; chairman of Peabody Awards Board; chairman Mass Communications Board, 1970-1976.

William Harley was born on October 9, 1911 in Madison, Wisconsin, to Joel Alva and Elizabeth Gardner Harley. He received his BA from the University of Wisconsin in 1935. Upon graduation, he began work at the Wisconsin Broadcasting System as chief announcer while studying for his masters at the University of Wisconsin. He joined the staff of WHA in Madison and assumed the duties of an Instructor in Madison's Department of Radio-Television Education in 1936. He completed the work for his masters in 1940. In June of that year, he married Jewell Bunnell with whom he would have four daughters, Cynthia, Linda, Gratia, and Gail. He became Program Director of the Wisconsin Broadcasting System in 1940 and from 1944 to 1946 served as Acting Director for the System. Harley worked up through the ranks of the Department if Radio-Television Education in the 1940's and 1950's. He was named Assistant Professor in 1942, Associate Professor in 1953, and Professor in 1957.

From 1950 to 1952, Harley was the program coordinator for the Ford-National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) Adult Education Radio Project. Harley left Wisconsin for Washington, D.C., in 1960 to serve as President of NAEB . Concurrently, he became the Director of the Joint Council on Educational Telecommunications (JCET) . He remained in these two positions until 1975. From 1973 to 1975, he also served as President of JCET. Harley received an honorary LL.D from the University of Wisconsin in 1972.

Upon stepping down from NAEB and JCET, he served on the Peabody Awards Board. He was Chairman of this Board from 1981 to 1985. During this period, Harley served on several national and international commissions dealing with communications including UNESCO and the Mass Communications Commission. He even served as Chairman of the Mass Communications Commission from 1967 to 1968 and 1970 to 1976. While working on these commissions, Harley consulted for such organizations as the Rothschild Foundation, the Agency for International Development, and the U.S. Department of State among others. Harley retired in 1987 except for a current stint on the Board of Directors of Americans for Universality of UNESCO and his editorship of The Oldtimers Newsletter . Finally, in 1989, Harley served on the National Committee of OPT IN America, a nonprofit public advocacy group dedicated to promoting the development of fiber optic technology for home and school.

Harley was a member of the Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Eta Sigma, Beta Theta Pi, and the International and Cosmos Clubs of Washington.

Harley died in 1998.

Dr. Dale B. Harris became a member of the faculty of the Pennsylvania State University in 1959 when he was appointed professor of psychology in charge of the educational-developmental section of the Department of Psychology. He became head of the department in 1963. He retired on July 1, 1978 after 19 years of service with the rank of professor emeritus of psychology and human development.

Dr. Dale Harris, a native of Elkhart, Indiana, graduated from DePauw University in 1935, going on to earn both an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. During World War II, he was on active duty with the U.S. Marine Corps. After the completion of his doctoral studies, Dr. Harris served as a faculty member in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. He directed the Institute of Child Welfare until he left in 1959 to join the faculty at The Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Harris is best known for his research and text, Children's Drawing as Measures of Intellectual Maturity, published in1963 with Florence Goodenough. His research and interests in child development (maturational models), behavior and delinquency, law enforcement and corrections, and family yielded many publications. He was the editor from 1964 to 1971 of the Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography. Dr. Harris was the chairman of the Penn State Department of Psychology from 1962 to 1967. From 1968 to 1969, Dr. Harris was a Fulbright Visiting Professor at the Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. He retired 1 July 1978, after 19 years of service with the rank of professor emeritus of psychology and human development.

Florence Laura Goodenough, pioneer in psychology and the study of gifted children was born 6 August 1886, in Honesdale, Pennsylvania. She graduated in 1908 from the Millersville Normal School, and earned a B.S. (1920) and M.A. from Columbia University under Leta Hollingworth, while she served as director of research for the Rutherford and Perth Amboy, New Jersey, public schools. There she did her first research studies, collecting data on children's drawings. In 1921, Goodenough began research work with Lewis Terman at Stanford University, participating in studies of gifted children. In 1924, she left for Minneapolis, Minnesota, to work in the Minneapolis Child Guidance Clinic and as an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota (1925-1947). Goodenough's first book was titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings (1925). Until this time, nonverbal I.Q. tests were low in validity and reliability, or too long to give. Goodenough developed the Draw a Man Test, in which each child tested was given ten minutes to draw a man, and she developed criteria for rating each drawing. Results correlated with written I.Q. tests and the Draw a Man Test was widely used until the 1950s.

The Russian Research Center was established in 1948 to encourage and support scholarly study of the Soviet Union and related areas. A major project undertaken by the center in the late 1940's and early 1950's, originally known as the "Russian Refugee Interview Project" became better known as the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. In April 1996, the Russian Research Center was renamed the Kathryn W. and Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies.

In the spring of 1950, the Russian Research Center at Harvard University entered into contract AF 33(038)-12909 with the Human Resources Research Institute of the Air University at Maxwell Field Air Base, Alabama, to conduct a large scale, unclassified project, based largely on interviews with Soviet émigrés, with the ultimate goal of gaining new insights into strategic psychological and sociological aspects of the Soviet social system. The project was named the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, also known as the Harvard Refugee Interview Project.

The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System was developed by sociologist Alex Inkeles and social psychologist Raymond Bauer. To test the viability of the project preliminary interviews were conducted in Munich, in 1949, by Merle Fainsod and Paul Friedrich. From 1950 to 1951, several hundred Soviet refugees, residents in West Germany Austria, and the United States, were contacted as prospective interviewees for the HPSSS; some 330 candidates were selected and given full-depth interviews by specialists prominent in the field of Soviet studies. In addition to those named above, these specialists include Joseph Berliner, Alexander Dallin, Robert Feldmesser, Mark Field, Marc Fried, Eugenia Haufmann, Kent Geiger, Sidney Harcave, Ivan London, Michael Luther, John Orton, Alex Peskin, John Reshetar, and others.

Gordon T. Heistad (b. 1925) was a psychologist at the University of Minnesota. Heistad appeared on radio programs at the University of Minnesota's KUOM station as well as the University of Michigan's radio station. On these programs, he spoke about his work and the field of psychology as a whole for a general public audience. Heistad's work centered on psychopharmacology. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1954 and worked at the University of Minnesota for the majority of his career. Heistad retired in 1990 and died in 1999.

Robert C. Higgy was the founding director of radio station WOSU, and later, television station WOSU-TV at Ohio State University. Higgy developed the station in 1919, under its original call sign of 8XI and then WEAO. He became a professor in the department of electrical engineering at WOSU in 1937. In 1943, Higgy published a book titled "Fundamental Radio Experiments" which "describes experiments designed to present the fundamental principles of electricity and radio in a manner that illustrates the application of those principles in radio communication systems."

Harold Eugene Hill was born on September 7, 1918. He earned his B.S. from the University of Illinois in 1940, the same year he entered the Army. Hill moved to reserve status in 1946 and worked as an instructor at the University of Illinois College of Journalism and Communications beginning in 1947 until 1954. During this time, he also served as an announcer, writer, producer, production director, and program director for WILL, the University of Illinois' educational radio station. In 1954 Hill earned his M.S. in Journalism from the University of Illinois, writing The National Association of Educational Broadcasters: A History in partial fulfillment of that degree.

In 1954, Hill was hired as the Associate Director of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, and later became the Administrative Vice President. He served in this position until at least 1961.

Hill also held several consultant, committee, and council positions, including Radio-TV consultant to the National Project in Agricultural Communications, service on the Executive Committee of the Audio-Visual Council on Public Information, the Council of National Organizations, the National Industry Advisory Committee of the Federal Communications Commission, and the Educational Media Council. Hill died on March 13, 2000.

Ola B. Hiller was the Director of Radio Education at station WFBE-FM for Flint Community Schools in Flint, Michigan. Hiller worked at station WFBE from at least 1952 to at least 1957. In 1957, Hiller published a text titled "The Flint community school concept".

Frank O. Holt was an administrator at the University of Wisconsin. Around 1927, he hired as the university's registrar and director of the Bureau of Educational Records and Guidance. Prior to his appointment at the University of Wisconsin he was a school superintendent and former president of the Wisconsin Education Association. He was appointed dean of the university Extension Division in April 1935. In 1943, he became head of the University Public Service Department. During his career, Holt appeared on several WHA radio programs at Wisconsin, and also served on the National University Extension Association Committee on Radio, which authored a report in 1941.

William S. Howell was a professor of speech at the University of Minnesota. Howell appeared in a series of radio programs by UMN's KUOM radio station called "Report from Russia," in which Howell recounted some of his experiences traveling to the Soviet Union in the late 1950s.

Public broadcasting executive. President, general manager & co-founder, Alabama Educational Television Commission; founder, Alabama Public Television Network; president, National Association of Educational Television.

Raymond D. Hurlbert was born on March 21, 1902 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Ernest Sanford and Alice Lillian Jenkins Hurlbert. His parents moved to Birmingham, Alabama, in 1906. He received his B.A. from Birmingham Southern College in 1924. Upon graduation, Hurlbert took a position as a high school teacher in Birmingham. Meanwhile, he returned to Birmingham Southern College to study for a masters degree, completing his studies in 1936.

Prior to his association with public television, Hurlbert was elementary school principal in the Birmingham City School System from 1930 to 1955, and was Chairman of its Public Relations Committee. Meanwhile, he served as first President in 1948 and then Trustee in 1949 of the Alabama Educational Association. In addition, he was elected President of both the Birmingham Teachers Association and the Alabama Elementary Principals' Association.

Hurlbert's career in public broadcasting began in the early fifties when he set up the first state noncommercial television network, the Alabama Public Television Network. He also helped to establish the Alabama Educational Television Commission and was its first President from 1953 to 1955, when he became its first and only General Manager in 1955, retiring from his principal job in Birmingham. After twenty years in Alabama educational television, Hurlbert retired in March of 1973 to work as a consultant for R.P.I. Consultant Services.

Hurlbert also participated nationally in educational and public broadcasting. He served as the chairman of the Board of the ETV Division of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters from 1962 to 1963 . He was also a member of the National Association of Educational Television (NAET), becoming its president in 1968 .

Raymond Hurlbert played an important role in the national scene as well as in Alabama. President Lyndon B. Johnson recognized him for his significant role in the establishment and funding of National Educational Television . Furthermore, his frequent testimony before Congressional committees on behalf of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 was influential in swaying political support for the measure. Finally, for his work as the "father of Alabama ETV," Hurlbert was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Communications Hall of Fame in 2009.

Raymond D. Hurlbert died in 1996.

KRAB was founded by Lorenzo Milam and operated by the Jack Straw Foundation in 1962. Milam managed the station until 1968. The station was commercial-free and listener-supported and broadcast a range of programming. On the day of KRAB's first broadcast, its transmitter blew up and was rebuilt. The station produced several different music programs which were also distributed by the National Federation of Community Broadcasters. KRAB went off the air in 1984.

KSLH began broadcasts on April 13, 1950, with receivers set up in 191 city elementary schools around St. Louis, Missouri. All but three of the station's initial 15-minute programs were for grade school students; the exceptions were high school fare on poetry, choral music, and business. KSLH devoted itself almost entirely to instruction for most of its life. By 1953, it broadcast from 9:10 a.m. to 4:15 p.m., matching the school day; it produced about 300 educational programs in a given year, alongside content obtained in the National Association of Educational Broadcasters program exchange. In its first decade of broadcasting, the station produced 2,878 fifteen-minute programs. In addition to NAEB-supplied programs, KSLH educational broadcasts were also supplied by the state of Missouri, the United Nations, and even the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and BBC. As a member of the NAEB, KSLH hosted the 1954 In-School Radio Program Writers' Seminar to bolster school-oriented educational radio programs

Around 1988, KSLH began to face uncertainty as to its future due to budget cuts by the St. Louis school board. After its first buyer fell though, a second buyer emerged in October 1995: Community Broadcasting, Inc., the non-profit stations arm of the Bott Radio Network.

After he received his degree in agriculture from Oregon Agricultural College in 1916, Kadderly began working for the Cooperative Extension Service as a county agent in Multnomah County, Oregon. In 1922 Kadderly was transferred to the central office at Corvallis, where he was in charge of information and exhibits. In 1926 he was appointed program director of KOAC, the college-owned radio station, advancing to manager in 1932. In 1933 Kadderly left KOAC to develop the Western Farm and Home Hour for the United States Department of Agriculture, serving as Radio Program Manager of the West Coast Division, headquartered at San Francisco. From 1937 until 1945 he was chief of radio service for the United States Department of Agriculture's office of information in Washington D.C. Kadderly returned to Oregon in 1945 and became the first farm director for radio station KGW in Portland. In 1947 Kadderly began his foreign work. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation requested his services as an expert on radio farm broadcasting. In 1950-1955, he served as agricultural information specialist with the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) in Paris. This post-war period took him to European countries to observe the progress in recovery under the Marshall Plan. In 1955-1958, Kadderly did special contract work under the auspices of the International Cooperation Administration (ICA), in agricultural information methods in Japan, Taiwan, and numerous Latin American countries, where he was based in Costa Rica.

Wallace Kadderly was born in Portland, Oregon, on July 7, 1892. After he received his degree in agriculture from Oregon Agricultural College in 1916, he began working for the Cooperative Extension Service as a county agent in Multnomah County, Oregon. In 1922 Kadderly was transferred to the central office at Corvallis, where he was in charge of information and exhibits. In 1926 he was appointed program director of KOAC, the college-owned radio station, advancing to manager in 1932. In 1933 Kadderly left KOAC to develop the Western Farm and Home Hour for the United States Department of Agriculture, serving as Radio Program Manager of the West Coast Division, headquartered at San Francisco. From 1937 until 1945 he was chief of radio service for the United States Department of Agriculture's office of information in Washington D.C. Kadderly returned to Oregon in 1945 and became the first farm director for radio station KGW in Portland.

In 1947 Kadderly began his foreign work. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation requested his services as an expert on radio farm broadcasting, and he spent several fact-finding months in Australia and New Zealand, on leave from KGW. From 1950 to 1955 he served as agricultural information specialist with the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) in Paris. This post-war period took him to European countries to observe the progress in recovery under the Marshall Plan. From 1955 to 1958, Kadderly did special contract work under the auspices of the International Cooperation Administration (ICA, successor to the ECA), in agricultural information methods in Japan, Taiwan, and numerous Latin American countries, where he was based in Costa Rica.

In 1958 Kadderly returned to Portland, Oregon and was employed by KUIK Radio in Hillsboro. In 1949, he served as President of the National Association of Farm Broadcasters (NAFB), an association affiliated with radio broadcasting. In July of 1963 Kadderly received the highest honor given by the American Association of Agricultural Editors, the Rueben Brigham Award, for outstanding contributions to agricultural communications. Kadderly was the first Northwest recipient of this honor.

Kadderly retired in 1969. He was married to the former Alice Cornwall, a 1919 Home Economics graduate of OAC. He later married Ada Jeanette Reed, OAC class of 1918 in Home Economics, who survived him, along with his stepson, Donald Mayne. Kadderly died in Bend on 9 October 1983.

James W. Keeler was born March 21, 1927 in New York. He worked in radio broadcasting, at places and cities such as the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Detroit, and Traverse City, Michigan. In 1962, he hosted the radio program The world of the conductor, produced at WHYY radio in Philadelphia. He also worked on programs at WHYY such as Listen to the land and Artist speaks. Keeler died on April 13, 2009.

Kathleen N. Lardie was born ca. 1895. In 1939, she was a contributing author of How to Use Radio in the Classroom. From at least 1950 to at least 1960, she was the station manager of WDTR, the radio station of Detroit Schools. Before 1961, she was the chair of the NAEB's Radio Network School Committee. In 1961, she was the director of the Department of Radio-TV Education for Detroit Public Schools.

Anton Luckenbach was a radio broadcaster at Southern Illinois University Carbondale's WSIU station.

Chalmers "Chuck" Marquis (November 12, 1926 - March 24, 2018) was an American public television and radio advocate. He was best known for his work in Washington D.C. where he was the Vice President of National Affairs at the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), and later at PBS. He helped pass the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 and lobbied for funding for Sesame Street. Hailed as "Public Television's voice on Capitol Hill," Chalmers was awarded the Ralph Lowell Award for his contributions to public broadcasting in 1992. Chalmers Marquis was born in Bloomington, Illinois on November 12, 1926 and graduated from Hyde Park High School in Chicago. In 12th grade, he had a successful nightclub routine and was recruited by the William Morris Agency to go on a national tour.

Chalmers Marquis, a longtime lobbyist for educational television, attended the University of Chicago College before moving on to the University of Illinois, where he trained in journalism and broadcasting and studied under Frank Schooley . While at the University, Marquis created a campus radio station that broadcast from a photography store in Urbana. Upon completion of his courses in 1950, Marquis accepted a job as a "dolly-pusher" at WGN TV, where he remained for three years. He then took a position at WBBM TV, the CBS affiliate in Chicago. There, he produced and directed numerous commercials in addition to his work with regular programming.

Marquis's desire to see television used as an instrument of learning rather than merely passive entertainment prompted his acceptance in 1955 of a position with WTTW, Chicago's public television station. First working as a producer/director, Marquis soon moved into the realm of public relations and development, and eventually became director of programming. He remained with WTTW for nine years, during which time the station was the largest public broadcaster in the United States, setting the standard for educational broadcasting.

Despite various obstacles, such as a lack of funding and a kilowatt signal approximately one quarter as powerful as those of commercial stations, Marquis fostered the genesis of numerous projects and expanded WTTW. He organized Chicago Area School Television (CAST), which broadcasted two channels into local classrooms.

In 1965 Marquis became the first full-time executive director of Educational Television Stations (ETS, created in 1963), the newly-formed television arm of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) . He participated in the establishment of the Educational Television Stations Program Service (later the Public Television Library ), which supplied programming to public television stations. He was also involved in the movement to create the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) .

Due to the consistent lack of funding for public television stations, Marquis spent increasing amounts of time lobbying for government funding, particularly from administrative departments such as Health, Education, and Welfare. He fought to push through the House of Representatives legislation that eventually became the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 .

Marquis's work at ETS led to his position in 1970 as Executive Vice President of NAEB, which he followed with a term at the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Marquis then became a full-time lobbyist as legislative liaison for the National Association of Public Television Stations (NAPTS), which later became America's Association of Public Television, Inc. (APTV), a lobbying arm of the Association of America's Public Television Stations (APTS).

Along with his work for NAPTS, Marquis frequently lobbied Congress on behalf of the Children's Television Workshop . He spent much of his time gathering evidence, later presented to various congressional committees, demonstrating the positive impact of public broadcasting and the necessity for its continued existence. His work involved efforts to obtain funds from the National Science Foundation, to procure government funding for CTW programs such as 3-2-1 Contact, Square One TV, and Ghostwriter, and to further the development of the National Endowment for Children's Educational Television.

Public broadcasting lobbyist.

Director of programming, WTTW (Chicago, IL) 1955-1964; Executive director, Educational Television Stations division, National Association of Educational Broadcasters, 1965-1970; Legislative liasion, National Association of Public Television Stations; Lobbyist on behalf of the Children's Television Workshop.

Virginia Levy (née Maynard, b. 1911) was a radio writer and director at station KPFA in Berkeley, California. Levy attended the University of California, Berkeley and earned a Ph.D. in English Literature and Drama. During her career, she also worked at stations KQED in San Francisco, WGBH in Boston, and CBC in Toronto, Canada. Her program, "The American woman in fact and fiction" earned a citation for distinguished programming from the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. Levy died in 2010.

Elizabeth McKenzie, known as Betty, was the Publications Editor for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters during the early 1960s.

Born Elizabeth Adams to Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Adams in Gary, Indiana, Betty attended the University of Indiana, and subsequently married physician Leonard J. McKenzie on May 27, 1948. They moved from Madison to Champaign, Illinois around 1956, after which Betty began working at the NAEB. Betty's tenure with the organization showed that she was nearly universally respected by her colleagues and NAEB executives and leadership. During her tenure as Editor, she corresponded with almost every executive, and was in attendance at nearly every major NAEB meeting and convention during the 50s through much of the 1960s, drafting editorial policies and championing the NAEB in her own separate publications.

Director of the University of Iowa radio station, WSUI.

James Southard Miles was born on September 22, 1916 in Ohio. Miles attended Ohio State University and worked at WOSU, Ohio State's radio station. From 1936-1943, he worked in Charleston, West Virginia, Columbus, Ohio, Dayton, Ohio, and Fort Wayne, Indiana as a commercial announcer. In 1939, 1941, and 1943, he served as a Reading Clerk for the Ohio House of Representatives. In 1943, he began working at Purdue University's WBAA radio station in various roles over the years including manager and program director. In 1947, he served on the executive committee of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters and was also selected as the first chairman of Region II of the NAEB.

From 1951 to 1953, Miles took leave from WBAA to serve as NAEB's executive director in Urbana, Illinois. During that period, he was chairman of the NAEB Tape Network Program Committee as well as manager of the Kellogg Radio Project at University of Illinois from 1952-3. After working as the NAEB Executive Director, he returned to Purdue University and in 1961 was the Director of Program Service and Distribution Division within the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction. He also established Purdue University's TV unit, which pioneered televised instruction courses for higher education. Other roles held by Miles include chairman of the Indiana State Superintendent's Committee on Television in the Public Schools and charter member of the National Association of Radio and TV Farm Directors. Miles died on May 5, 1987 in Indiana.

Harry Estill Moore (1897-1966) taught sociology at the University of Texas at Austin for nearly thirty years. Topics of his scholarly work included regionalism, education, mass communication, and responses to disasters. Moore, who was born in Louisiana, earned his undergraduate and masters degrees from the University of Texas, and his doctorate from the University of North Carolina, as did his wife, Bernice Milburn Moore. In addition to teaching at the University of Texas (1937-1966), Harry Estill Moore was coordinator of the Southwest Cooperative Program in Educational Administration (1950-1955) and editor of the Southwestern Social Science Quarterly (1956-1966).

Professor of International Relations at Columbia University in 1946-55 and 1963-72 (in 1955-63 he was adjunct professor at Columbia and Director of Studies of the Council of Foreign Relations). He was director of Columbia's Russian Institute, and one of the founders of the Bakhmeteff Archive. He was the holder of many academic and governmental posts, the author of many articles, and the author of "Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838-1839" (1934).

Mosely earned his Harvard AB in 1926, his AM in 1930, and his PhD in 1933.

Helen Parker Mudgett was born in New Hampshire, graduated from Wellesley College in 1921, and came to the University of Minnesota, where she received her master's degree in history in 1923. She taught in the History Dept. of the General Extension Division of the University of Minnesota. Professor Mudgett took an intense interest in civil and human rights issues of the 1940s and 1950s, but is best remembered for her study and documentation of Chippewa Indian culture.

Helen Parker Mudgett, B.A. (1921) Wellesley College, M.A. (1923) University of Minnesota. Associate professor of history in the general extension division at the University of Minnesota (1928-1962). Known for her study of the Ojibwa Indians.

Helen Parker Mudgett was born in Lisbon, New Hampshire on March 15, 1900. She received a BA from Wellesley College in 1921 and a Master's degree in history from the University of Minnesota in 1923. She also studied at the University of London and the London School of Economics, afterward returning to the University of Minnesota where she taught in the history department. She also taught at the Summit School for Girls and at Luther College, both in St. Paul. In 1928 she became an instructor in economic history, European civilization and current events in the University's General Extension Division. During World War II, she became editor of the University's widely distributed Reading for the Wartime bulletins. She was also one of the founders of the St. Paul Council of Human Relations, and subsequently served as a board member.

In 1944 she wrote Democracy for All, a study guide on racial and cultural groups and our concepts, laws, and policies for human rights. In 1950-1953 she broadcast a series of talks in this field over the University radio station KUOM, called America Bound . Mudgett's interest in American Indians led her to a long and intense study of the Ojibway and to a history which she had almost completed at the time of her death. She served as the chief coordinator of the series of conferences or seminars on Indian affairs conducted at the Center for Continuation Study from 1953-1955.

She was prominent in the educational movement proceeding the adoption of fair employment legislation in the state. She also served for a time as the educational consultant in economics and human relations for the Montana Farmers' Union and the National Farmers' Union. Among her literary accomplishments was a historical novel, The Seas Stand Watch, portraying the great era of New England's trade and the shift to manufacturing. Helen Mudgett died on September 11, 1962, at the age of 62.

The National Federation of Community Broadcasters (NFCB) is a national, grass-roots, non-profit organization which has served non-commercial community-based radio stations since 1975. There are currently some 170 stations, producers, and organizations in the membership of NFCB, representing diverse communities from remote regions of Alaska to densely populated cities, in markets ranging from Native American reservations to large metropolitan areas.

Community broadcasters first met as a group in the summer of 1973 in Seattle, Washington. Only a half-dozen community licensed stations were on the air at that time. Representatives from those stations, as well as representatives of another dozen groups interested in building stations, were present.

Two years later, the National Alternative Radio Conference (NARC) convened in Madison, Wisconsin. Representatives of some 40 community broadcast organizations gathered to discuss the future of community radio. The group agreed upon the need for a national organization to represent community broadcasters. Only through such an organization could community stations have a voice in national policy concerning noncommercial broadcasting. Several months later, the National Federation of Community Broadcasters was founded. Tom Thomas and Terry Clifford were named to head the new organization, and Bill Thomas was confirmed as head of the cooperative program exchange service. Thomas and Clifford opened NFCB's national headquarters in Washington, D.C.

NFCB's initial mission was to develop training manuals for stations, to help stations obtain Federal Communication Commission licenses, to promote the participation of minorities and women at all levels of public broadcasting, and to establish the Program Exchange, a sharing of programming tapes among member stations. Since then, the organization's mission has expanded to promote the ideals and role of community radio in the public broadcasting system, to assist and advocate for the successful operation and funding of local stations and projects, and to facilitate the production of high quality and innovative programming from diverse sources.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, community radio expanded rapidly. NFCB grew along with community radio, soon reaching a membership of 75 stations and broadcasting groups. The Public Radio Legal Handbook and AudioCraft, a production training manual, were published in the late '70s. NFCB was instrumental in bringing people of color into community radio in the early eighties. It organized the first Minority Producers Conference in 1982. NFCB also assisted in the development of national policies to enhance local community stations by helping to make it possible for non-National Public Radio (NPR) stations to receive grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB).

During the 1980s, NFCB experienced several changes in administration. In 1984, NFCB President Tom Thomas and Vice President Terry Clifford both resigned. Later that year, Carol Schatz, former general manager of Bethel Broadcasting in Alaska, became the second president of NFCB. The new president came to NFCB when the organization and many of its member stations were struggling with internal conflicts and financial crises. NFCB survived this period, though staff was reduced from nine full-time employees to four. The Program Exchange was also eliminated.

In the fall of 1986, Schatz resigned. An outside consultant was hired to evaluate NFCB's situation. The consultant described NFCB's future as "in doubt." Lynn Chadwick was chosen as the next president of NFCB in 1987. The period between 1987 and 1990 was a time of reorganization and redefinition for the organization. Due to financial problems, NFCB operated with as few as two staff members at times. In 1987, the NFCB Steering Committee was eliminated and the NFCB Board of Directors was formed.

By 1991, NFCB's financial and operational recovery was well underway. Since then, NFCB has once again become a strong, stable voice for community broadcasters. The organization's membership reached 100 in March of 1994, and has continued to grow. NFCB developed The Healthy Station Project, which was designed to support and create successful local stations. In 1995, the national headquarters of NFCB was relocated from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco, California, where the organization combined operations with Western Public Radio.

The National Federation of Community Broadcasters continues to serve its member stations. The NFCB staff is dedicated to representing the views of the membership in such national arenas as the CPB, the FCC, and the United States Congress. NFCB provides information and referral services in all aspects of community broadcasting. Several publications are available through NFCB, including a monthly newsletter. NFCB also hosts an Annual Community Radio Conference, where station representatives can receive training in several areas of broadcasting and can take advantage of networking opportunities.

R.C. Norris was a radio broadcaster for station KUT at the University of Texas. Norris directed and produced series including "When disaster strikes," "The Yankee dollar," and "Minds of men". Norris later worked for station KWSC at the State College of Washington.

Morris S. Novik (1903–1996), an early pioneer in radio, is credited with being one of the first people to understand the potential that radio had for public service and education, especially with regard to the emerging labor movement throughout the U.S. in the early part of the 20th century. Born in Nevel, Russia, Novik emigrated to New York City’s lower East Side with his family, and, as a teenager, became active in socialist politics. In 1918, he worked for anti-war activist Scott Nearing, who was opposing the Republican Fiorello La Guardia for Congress. In a 1989 The New Yorker interview, Novik said that this was when he first saw the future mayor, for whom he would work 20 years later as station manager of WNYC.

Morris Novick was born 11/15/1903. He joined the Young Peoples Socialist League in 1918. He was National Chairman of Young Peoples Socialist League, 1921-1924. Mr. Novick was Director of the Discussion Guild, 1925-1932 and Director of Unity House from 1927-1932. He was Director of New York City Municipal Broadcasting System and Director of Communications for the City of New York, 1938-1945. Mr. Novick was Broadcast Consultant for ILGWU, UAW, National AFL, Liberal Party, 1945 onward.

Broadcasting executive.

WNYC-FM director; National Association of Educational Broadcasters Executive Secretary 1941-1948.

Morris S. Novik was born in Nevel, Russia in 1903. He came to the United States when he was eleven years old with his mother and his two younger brothers. It was in New York City where the family settled that Novik first met his father who had come to the United States years earlier. He was educated at a Yeshiva in the city but after graduating decided that he did not want to continue his religious education so at the age of fourteen he was sent to public school.

At this time Novik became involved with the social-political changes of 1917 engendered by the Russian Revolution. He headed a local chapter of the Young People's Socialist League while he was working at the Daily Record, a newspaper covering issues relating to the manufacture of clothing. He then received a scholarship to the Rand School which Novik described as a "right-wing socialist school of learning". During this time he became very involved in the socialist movement, starting a magazine called The Monthly Free Youth and serving as its editor.

In the early twenties Novik became involved with the Discussion Guild, arranging lectures and debates of well known writers and lecturers. The first speaker he engaged was noted British philosopher Bertrand Russell, who subsequently asked for Novik to represent him in future United States engagements. Through his work with the Discussion Guild Novik also became the manager for Clarence Darrow.

Novik entered the field of broadcasting in 1932 when he was asked to take over the management of the radio station WEVD in New York. He served as associate manager and program director. It was during this period that he founded the University of the Air.

Novik entered the field of broadcasting in 1932 when he was asked to take over the management of radio station WEVD in New York. It was during this time that he also founded the University of the Air. He was recruited by New York mayor Fiorello LaGuardia to run radio station WNYC. Novik declined until Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938. He realized it was more important now to keep democracy over the airwaves than to promote socialism and labor interests as he was doing at WEVD. He became director of communications at WNYC (1938-1946) and it while it was at this position that he coined the term "Public Broadcasting." It was also during this time that he became involved in the genesis of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. Novik claimed he was one of the seven men who met in Ames, Iowa in 1939 to plan the permanent organization of this association. He then served as its first executive secretary from 1941 to 1948. Subsequently, Novik was involved in buying or establishing radio stations in Detroit, Cleveland, and the New York area.

After leaving WNYC in 1946 Novik helped establish radio stations in Detroit and Cleveland. In 1950 he bought the station WLIB in New York on which he established negro programming. He kept this station for 5 years, selling it to his brother Harry in 1955 when he then bought the Italian station WOV. He kept the Italian language format at WOV during his ownership but upon selling this station in 1959 this format was abandoned by the new owners.

Novik maintained a long relationship with the labor movement, serving as a communications consultant for the American Federation of Labor and later for the merged American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). His career also included some presidential appointments. In 1952 President Truman appointed him to be delegate to the UNESCO conference in Paris. In 1953 he participated in the UNESCO London conference on TV, advising Europeans on how to establish television stations. He was also selected by President Kennedy to serve on the U.S. Advisory Commission on Information in 1962. President Johnson reappointed him to that body.

Morris S. Novik died in 1996.

Circulation librarian and assistant director for public service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (earlier name: University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus)).

Anthony Ostroff was an American scholar, educator, critic, and poet. He served in World War II, was educated at several premier universities, and taught poetry and rhetoric, notably at Berkeley. He published poems, fiction, and essays in a variety of journals, as well as several monographs. He was an active member of the ACLU, and worked with several anti-war organizations.

Frances Eleanor Page (b. 1921), usually known as Eleanor Page, was a composer and music director for radio station KUT at the University of Texas. Page held undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Texas in Music. During her time at the University of Texas, Page also held a part-time teaching role in the Department of Music. She served as composer for numerous KUT radio series, including "Minds of men," "When disaster strikes," "The American cowboy," and "Child beyond." Page died in 2013.

Arrand Parsons was born on July 26, 1918, in Ellerbe, North Carolina. Parsons devoted his life to the study and teaching of music theory, joining the faculty of Northwestern University in 1946 and remaining until his retirement in 1984. He died on June 22, 2001.

Parsons was given the first name of Pleasants but dropped it early in life. Parsons obtained a B.S. degree in music education at Teachers College, Columbia University, in 1939, and an M.Ed. from Graduate Teachers College in 1944. From Northwestern University he earned an M.Mus. in theory and composition in 1946 and a Ph.D. in 1953. His doctoral dissertation was entitled, “Dissonance in the Fantasies and Sonatas of Henry Purcell.”

From 1938 to 1943 and 1944 to 1945 Parsons served as director of music at the Pleasant Hill (Tennessee) Academy. He came to Northwestern University as an instructor in 1946 and was promoted to assistant professor (1954), associate professor (1958), and professor (1964). All his appointments were in the theory of music. Parsons served as assistant dean of the School of Music from 1964 to 1967. He retired from Northwestern University in 1984 with the rank of professor emeritus.

Parsons annotated the programs of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for thirty years and of the Ravinia Festival for almost as long.

He and Margaret Hutchinson were married on June 10, 1944. They had two children: Mary Agnes Nichter and Martha Weiland. Arrand Parsons died on June 22, 2001.

William J. Pierce was born December 4, 1921 in Flint, Michigan. Following wartime service, he received his BA from the University of Michigan in 1947, then entered the U-M Law School, receiving the degree of Juris Doctor in 1949.

Pierce began his career at the University as a research assistant (1949-1950) and then research associate (1950-1951) in the Law School. In 1951, he was appointed to the Law School faculty as an assistant professor, eventually becoming full professor in 1958. In 1952, Pierce was also named assistant director of the Law School's Legislative Research Center. He became director in 1957. He retired from the university in 1989.

In 1953, Pierce was appointed Michigan Commissioner on Uniform State Laws and also a member of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL). Both within the Law School where he taught courses on the subject and professionally as a member of the NCCUSL, Pierce's primary specialty was in the area of legislation and legislative drafting. Pierce was a member of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws for more than forty years, serving as chairman of the executive committee, 1965-1967, president 1967-1969, and then following his term as president, as executive director, where he served until 1992.

George E. Probst (1917-1986) held many positions in both broadcasting and education from 1944 to 1983: Executive Director, Office of Radio and Television, University of Chicago (1944-1954); Founder, director and Producer, University of Chicago Roundtable (NBC) (1944-1954); Chairman, committee that presented before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) the case for assigning television channels for education (1949-1950): Chairman, finance committee, Joint Committee on Educational Television (JCET) (1950-1952); Chairman, Committee of all educational institutions, Chicago Metropolitan Area Educational Television (1951-1953; Chairman, Adult Education Committee administering Fund for Adult Education grant for production of radio series The Jefferson Heritage (co-author), Ways of Mankind, People Under Communism, Voice of Europe (1951-1953); Director, radio and television programming, WGBH (Boston, MA) (1954); Co-founder, President, Broadcast Foundation of America (1955-1983); Producer, director, writer, Democracy in America, a series based on Alexis de Tocqueville's observations of American life and politics (1958); Director, National Educational Television and Radio Center (1960-1966); Executive Director, National Commission for Cooperative Education (1966-1976); Consultant, U.S. Office of Education (1968-1976).

Philip M. Raup, A.B. (1939) University of Kansas; M.S. (1942), Ph.D. (1949) University of Wisconsin. Chief land officer and acting chief, Office of Military Government for Germany, Food and Agriculture Branch (1945-1949). Assistant professor (1949-1953) University of Wisconsin. Professor of Agricultural Economics (1953-1984) University of Minnesota. Expert in the fields of land reform and land tenure, and the effects of world agricultural policies on economic development.

Philip M. Raup was born on January 4, 1914 in Timken, Kansas. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Kansas and his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. He served in the Naval Reserves during World War II (1942-1945) and then joined the staff of the Food and Agriculture Branch, Office of Military Government for Germany as Chief Land Specialist and Acting Chief (1945-1949), securing food supplies and implementing U.S. government policy in the regarding land reform in the U.S. zone of occupied Germany. He joined the University of Wisconsin faculty as an assistant professor of Agricultural Economics in 1949 and then became a professor at the University of Minnesota in 1953.

His research and extensive publications have focused on land policy and land reform and on world agricultural policies and their relationship to economic development. Raup specialized in Soviet Agriculture and participated in multiple study missions to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (1947, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1978, 1980). For four decades he annually published reports on Minnesota's rural real-estate market, the last being published in 1992. He retired from the University in 1984 as professor emeritus. Philip Raup died on July 21, 2011.

Harold G. Ravits was a dermatologist in St. Paul, Minnesota. Ravits attended the University of Minnesota and graduated in 1941. He served in a medical role in World War II. Ravits later held a Clinical Professor of Dermatology position at the University of Minnesota. During his career, Ravits appeared in several radio programs by the university's KUOM radio station as part of the series "Doctor Tell Me". Ravits died in 2017.

E.W. Richter was a radio producer for station WBAA at Purdue University. Richter produced radio series including "Comment on a minority" and "Last citizen," and narrated series such as "Atoms for power".

Carol Robertshaw is a former radio producer and broadcaster at the University of Minnesota station KUOM. She worked on numerous series, including "Equal Voice: A Women's Forum" and "Breaking the Silence: Voices on Battered Women".

Hugh Rundell was born at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1919. He graduated from Ripon College and the University of Wisconsin, taking a degree in speech with some emphasis on radio. After service in the Army and employment at the University of West Virginia, he joined the faculty of Washington State College in 1948 as an Assistant Professor of Speech.

Rundell worked for WSU until retirement in 1982, concentrating on a variety of radio-related jobs, both with the college radio station and in classes. He was well-known as the author of a pronunciation guide to place names in Washington and the announcer on the widely-syndicated program Legendary Pianist .

During 1976-1978 Rundell conducted a series of oral interviews of several radio broadcasting pioneers in the Northwest.

The American journalist Harrison E. Salisbury (1908-1993) was well-known for his reporting and books on the Soviet Union. A distinguished correspondent and editor for the New York Times, he was the first American reporter to visit Hanoi during the Vietnam War. After editing the campus daily at the University of Minnesota and working as a reporter for the Minneapolis Journal, he decided to pursue a career in journalism. Salisbury took a job with the United Press in St. Paul, soon circulating through other UP bureaus in Chicago, Washington D.C., and New York before being sent to Europe in 1942, where he visited London and Moscow on assignment. In 1944, Salisbury covered the Russian army's victory over the retreating German troops, which he later used as the basis for a series of articles for Colliers magazine and as a book entitled Russia on the Way 1946. Then, he joined the New York Times and returned to the Soviet Union in 1949 as the Times Russian correspondent. His reports from Moscow were heavily censored and were seen as controversial in the McCarthy anti-Communist atmosphere. After travelling through Siberia in the spring of 1954, he wrote a 14-part report "Russia Re-viewed," which received the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting. Although barred from the Soviet Union for five years after receiving the Pulitzer Prize, Salisbury was able to tour Poland Bulgaria Rumania and Albania in 1957 and his report on the deterioration of Communism in Eastern Europe led to a George Polk Memorial award for foreign news coverage. Allowed to visit the Soviet Union in 1959 and 1961-1962 Salisbury wrote several books describing the changes in the post-Stalin era. He also published Moscow Journal The End of Stalin 1961 which included the censored dispatches from his earlier five-year residence in Moscow. His knowledge of Stalin's regime provided the background for his well-received first novel The Northern Palmyra Affair (1962). In 1962 Salisbury was named national news editor of the Times. He supervised the paper's excellent coverage of President Kennedy's assassination and in 1964 became assistant managing editor. In 1972 he was elevated to the rank of associate editor. At the end of 1973 he retired from the New York Times. After leaving The Times Salisbury continued to write and publish. He wrote about the Soviet Union in a series of books including Black Night White Snow (1978), One Hundred Years of Revolution (1983), and A Journey for Our Times A Memoir (1983, which also narrates his boyhood and early career as a journalist. His memoirs were elaborated in another book published in 1988 entitled A Time of Change. In retirement Salisbury traveled several times to China and wrote a book describing his history of the making of the Chinese Red Army following the course of the Long March: The Long March: The Untold Story (1985). Salisbury's reports on North Vietnam were given the Overseas Press Club and George Polk Memorial Awards and his experience was described in the book Behind the Lines (1967); he also wrote Orbit of China (1967), the best-seller The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (1969) and War Between Russia and China (1969). Salisbury's coverage of Al Capone's trial to his presence at the 1989 Tianamen Square uprising were described in Tianamen Diary Thirteen Days in June (1988). Salisbury's other works inlcude The Kingdom and the Power (1966), Russia in Revolution (1979), The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng (1992), and Heroes of My Time (1993). Salisbury wrote an authorized but independent history of the New York Times which was published as Without Fear or Favor (1980), which discusses the shift in the paper from news reporting to an active engagement in political events. Salisbury focuses his story on the decision of the Times to print the secret study of the Vietnam War, the Pentagon Papers which provoked a confrontation with the Nixon administration. In 1964 he married Charlotte Young Rand and they lived in Manhattan and Taconic, Connecticut.

Journalist.

Jerrold Sandler began his long career in educational radio as a child, appearing in radio dramas. During graduate school, he served as acting manager of the University of Michigan Broadcasting Service. In 1962, he was Executive Director of the Individual Member Division of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. In 1964, he began his position as Executive Director of National Educational Radio within the NAEB. In this role, he proved central to the inclusion of radio in the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. After leaving NER, he served as director of the Reading Is Fundamental program at the Smithsonian Institution, and later served as a consultant for the National Council on Aging, the Ford Foundation, and others. He later returned to university teaching and broadcasting, and retired in 1992. Sandler died on February 24, 1995.

Karl Schmidt was a radio executive and host for station WHA at the University of Wisconsin. Schmidt began broadcasting for WHA as a student at the University of Wisconsin in 1941. After leaving the university during World War II to serve as a broadcaster for Armed Forces Radio and a brief stint in New York, Schmidt returned to Wisconsin. While at WHA, he served as a producer, host, chief operator, director of radio, and director of the National Center for Audio Experimentation. Schmidt produced and hosted many series for WHA, including "America on stage," "Chapter a day," and "Earplay". He was inducted into the Wisconsin Broadcaster's Hall of Fame in 2013. Schmidt died in 2016.

Broadcasting executive.

Station manager, WILL-FM and WILL-TV; professor, radio and television, University of Illinois; president, National Association of Educational Broadcasters.

Broadcasting executive. Founder, Manager KUHF-FM and KUHT-TV, Houston, Texas; Executive Vice-President and General Manager, Twin City Area Educational Television Corporation; Station Manager, KOKH-TV, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Executive Consultant, Twin City Area PTV Corporation.

John C. Schwarzwalder, a pioneer in the field of educational television, was born in Columbus, Ohio, on June 21, 1917, to S. J. and Alice Schwarzwalder. He received a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Ohio State University in 1937; a Master's Degree from the University of Michigan in 1940; and a Doctor of Education Degree from the University of Houston in 1953. His master's thesis was entitled "The Scenic, Dramatic and Musical Ramifications of the Court Masque in Stuart England," and his doctoral dissertation was "An Historical Study of the Technical, Legal and Financial Development of Television." On July 10, 1945, Schwarzwalder married Ruth Dierker. They subsequently had two children, Joan Dierdre and Raymond John.

Schwarzwalder began his military career in 1941 as a private in the United States Army. During his years of military service, he rose to the rank of major. He spent thirty-five months in overseas service in North Africa, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany. Also involved in combat intelligence and counterintelligence work, Schwarzwalder earned eight campaign stars and was awarded the Medal of Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco). He was a member of the Military Reserve from 1945-1956 with the rank of Major, Military Intelligence. He later wrote about his war experience in We Caught Spies (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1946).

From 1945 to 1948, Schwarzwalder served as Associate Director of the Wall School of Music, a private school of nearly 300 students, in Los Angeles. Concurrently, he directed the American GI Chorus in motion picture work for Republic Studios and in concert.

In 1948 Schwarzwalder moved to Houston, Texas, to become Assistant Professor at the University of Houston. In the course of time he was named Associate Professor and then Professor and Chairman of the Radio-Television Department. It was here in 1950 that Schwarzwalder established KUHF-FM and in 1953, KUHT -TV, the first of the nation's 258 non-commercial, educational television stations. He administered the Department of Radio and Television with a faculty and staff of 43 and 470 students. At KUHT-TV, he developed and produced most of the programs during its first year. Concurrently, he served as news analyst and newscaster for KTRH-AM-FM (CBS).

In 1956 he left the University of Houston and moved north to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he became Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Twin City Area Educational Television Corporation which owned and operated three non-commercial educational television stations in Minnesota: KTCA -TV and KTCI-TV in Saint Paul/Minneapolis and KWOM-TV in Appleton. None of these stations existed in 1956 when Schwarzwalder arrived. His job included obtaining capital financing, applying for the necessary FCC licenses, supervising construction, arranging for operating funds, finding and hiring adequate operating personnel, setting up programming policies and putting the stations on the air. He later was responsible for arranging for the operation of Midwestern Educational Television, a regional network of 17 stations.

Leaving Minneapolis to move south again in 1976, Schwarzwalder became the Station Manager of KOKH-TV in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Retaining many of his contacts with the Twin City area, he worked as a researcher for Twin City Area PTV Corporation. As a researcher, he completed and submitted bench-mark studies of the implications for PTV of the videodisc and the increasing use and popularity of credit courses.

In 1978 he was both Executive Consultant to the Twin City Area PTV Corporation and Manager of the Denton, Texas, Channel Two Foundation, Inc. He prepared financial, programming and fund-raising plans for activation of a new station on Channel Two in North Texas, as well as acquiring land for transmitter sites, negotiating with FAA and Department of Defense (Corps of Engineers) and preparing FCC applications.

From 1977 to 1985 Schwarzwalder was President of DBLS, Inc., a non-profit corporation formed to establish, operate, and maintain non-profit educational television and radio stations in Austin, Texas. At DBLS, Schwarzwalder made applications for television and radio channels to Federal agencies including the Federal Communications Commission and to federal, state, and local government agencies as well as to private individuals, corporations, and foundations for funds and facilities.

Over the years, Schwarzwalder served as an independent consultant for the states of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Northern Iowa, the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, and the cities of Cleveland, Ohio; Duluth, Minnesota; Fargo, North Dakota; and Little Rock, Arkansas. He also served as a consultant to the University of Maine, the South Carolina ETV Commission, the Alabama ETV Commission, Auburn University, the Louisiana ETV Commission, the Texas ETV Commission, KETC-TV in St. Louis, Missouri, the University of Florida, the Kentucky ETV Commission, the University of Louisville, Milwaukee Technical College, Superior State University (Wisconsin), the State of North Dakota and Lakehead University (Ontario, Canada).

Always active in whatever community of which he was a part, Schwarzwalder chaired the Committee on Racial Imbalance in St. Paul Public Schools (CRISP) in 1965. He was also a member of the Afro-American Music Opportunities Association from 1968 to 1976. Other organizations which benefited from his time and talents were: American Heart Association; Minnesota Heart Association; Minnesota Metropolitan Planning Commission; Minnesota Planning Association; Minneapolis Citizens League; Minnesota Orchestral Association; School for Societal Development; Minnesota Humanities Commission; and Advisory Committee on Mass Media, Texas Humanities Commission.

John C. Schwarzwalder died in 1992.

Jill Shapiro was a radio producer with the Feminist Radio Network. She produced programs from the series "Jazz Women".

Professor of journalism, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus).

Seymour Nathaniel Siegel was program director of New York City's public radio station, WNYC, from 1934-1947. In 1947, he was appointed director of New York City's Municipal Broadcasting System, a position he held until 1971. Throughout his career he taught broadcasting at colleges in New York and Boston. He became Dean of Educational Technology at the City College of New York in 1975. He passed away in 1978.

Sinsheimer (1920- ). Biophysicist. California Institute of Technology.

Robert L. Sinsheimer was born the second of three brothers in Washington, D.C. in 1920, but he grew up in Chicago. He was one of the first graduates of M.I.T.'s biophysics undergraduate program in 1941. Sinsheimer stayed on for graduate study in biophysics, earning his Ph.D. in 1948 after spending the war years (1942-45) as a researcher at M.I.T.'s Radiation Laboratory. Due to the difficulty in finding a university position in biophysics, Sinsheimer took a one-year postdoc at M.I.T. before accepting a faculty position in the physics department at Iowa State College in 1949. He spent a six-month sabbatical in 1953 at Caltech, working on genetics with Max Delbrück. Back at Iowa State, Sinsheimer established his reputation as a biologist by isolating the important virus, X 174, and developing procedures for its use to study genetics.

Sinsheimer accepted a faculty position at Caltech in 1957 and played a major part in Caltech's 75th year symposium in 1966. He became Chair of the Division of Biological Sciences in 1968, a position which he held until 1977. During his tenure as Chair, Sinsheimer became involved in the public debate over recombinant DNA technology. In 1977, he left Caltech in order to become Chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz. He held this post until 1987, at which time he accepted a position as a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at UC, Santa Barbara. He became professor emeritus in 1990.

Leslie Spence was an English teacher and Ph.D. holder who attended the University of Wisconsin. She co-founded the International Council for Media Literacy, formerly known as the National Telemedia Council and the American Council for Better Broadcasts, alongside colleague Jessie McCanse. The council was born out of work on an American Association of University Women committee which was tasked with evaluating and recommending radio programs in the Madison, Wisconsin area. As part of the council, Spence created a publication that today is published as "JML, The Journal of Media Literacy". She created an annual initiative called the "Look-Listen" project that enabled audiences to report their own evaluations of radio and television programs. Spence also featured prominently in several programs broadcast by station WHA in Madison as part of the series "Broadcast on Broadcasts" throughout the late 1940s.

Elizabeth Spiro was a radio producer at station WFCR in Amherst, Massachusetts. Spiro worked on the series "Prospect of a union." She also worked for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and helped develop National Public Radio. Spiro also did foreign service and policy work.

Raymond J. Stanley was a producer, radio actor, and executive who worked at station WHA at the University of Wisconsin, station WOSU-TV at Ohio State University, and the Educational Broadcasting Facilities Program in the U.S. Office of Education. At the University of Wisconsin, Stanley was the director University of Wisconsin Television Laboratory around 1959. He worked for WOSU-TV around 1963, and the Educational Broadcasting Facilities Program around 1969.

Educational television broadcaster, professor of speech at the University of Michigan, 1952-1977.

Edward Stasheff received his BA and MA degrees from Columbia University. He began his career in broadcasting at a radio station operated by the New York City Board of Education, WNYE, after having taught English and speech for twelve years in New York high schools.

Stasheff began his career in educational television in 1945 as a moderator, and later consultant, at CBS Television. In 1948 he left the Board of Education to became director of educational and religious programs for New York TV station WPIX and the next year became the station's assistant program manager. In 1950 he moved to ABC-TV where he directed the network series, "I Cover Times Square."

In 1952 Stasheff joined the faculty at the University of Michigan as Professor of Speech, Communication and Theater, a position he held until his retirement in 1977. While at UM, he took occasional leaves of absence to serve in a variety of professional positions. These included work with National Educational Television, the Over-seas Development Program of the Ford Foundation, and the Instructional Television Trust of Israel where he served as Director of Production for 1965-66.

Professor Stasheff is the co-author of one general speech text, a book on Shakespeare, and three books in the field of broadcasting, as well as author of many articles for professional journals. His basic TV textbook, The Television Program: Its Direction and Production, has gone through five revisions since 1952, and has been translated into Arabic, Hebrew, and Portuguese.

Broadcasting executive.

Joint Committee on Educational Television executive director, 1951-1960; Oregon State System of Higher Education associate dean and director of educational media, 1960-1974.

William S. Stokes was a political scientist who appeared on several radio programs by station WHA at the University of Wisconsin, such as the series "American Government".

Elmer Griffith Sulzer had a distinguished career as a college professor at the University of Kentucky and Indiana University. He was a multifaceted individual with interests from jazz to geology. As he grew older his writing more and more reflected his life-long love of trains and their history. Sulzer collected railroadiana everywhere he went, both domestically and internationally, and wrote five books and more than fifty articles on rail topics for railroad specialized journals. He was a leading expert on abandoned rail lines.

I. Keith Tyler was born in 1905 in Nebraska. He attended the University of Nebraska, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1925. He continued his education at Yale University, then at Columbia University, where he would receive his master's degree in 1930, then his Ph.D in 1939. While pursuing his doctorate, Tyler served as Assistant in Curriculum for Oakland Public Schools in Oakland, Illinois, and was concurrently a Visiting Associate Professor of Education for the University of Illinois from 1932 to 1935. For the next ten years, Tyler worked in the Ohio State University's Bureau of Educational Research, first as an Assistant Professor and Research Associate, then as an Associate Professor. In 1930, Tyler developed the Institute for Education by Radio at the Ohio State University, later expanded to the Institute for Education by Radio-Television. In 1943, he was named Director of Radio Education, a position he would hold for the next 27 years. Tyler developed the Ohio State Awards, a program recognizing excellence in educational, informational and public affairs broadcasting. The Ohio State Awards began in 1936 and continued until 1994 when budget cuts ended the program.

Tyler married Margaret Griffiths Carey in 1929. They welcomed their first child, Joan Tyler Hall, in 1932, then a son, Robert Carey Tyler, in 1935. Tyler became a Professor Emeritus in 1975, and was honored with an OSU Distinguished Service Award in 1980 for his 43 years of service. WOSU named an award after Tyler, in honor of his influence on the medium of Educational Radio.

In April 1994, I. Keith Tyler passed away at the age of 90.

Tracy Ferris Tyler, B.A., Doane College (Crete, NE) (1916); M.A., University of Nebraska (1923); Ph.D., Columbia University Teachers College (1933). Professor of education at the University of Minnesota and served as coordinator of the University's Foreign Operations Administration with Seoul National University. Pioneer in the field of radio and television education. From the description of Tracy F. Tyler papers, 1933-1964. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). WorldCat record id: 617536263

Tracy Tyler was born on January 16, 1895 in Washington, D.C. He earned his B.A. degree in 1916 from Doane College (Crete, NE), his M.A. in 1923 from the University of Nebraska, and his Ph.D. in 1933 from Columbia University's Teachers College. From 1916-1930, Tyler was a teacher and superintendent of secondary education in Nebraska. He joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota in 1938 as a lecturer in the college of education. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1939, associate professor in 1949 and professor in 1954. He also served as assistant to the dean of the summer school, and assistant to the vice president for academic administration (1961-1963). During World War II, Tyler was appointed as coordinator for the University's defense committee, which planned and oversaw the University's war projects.

Tyler was appointed as coordinator of was appointed to the post of coordinator of the University's Foreign Operations Administration with Seoul National University of Korea (Sŏul Taehakkyo) in 1954. He served in this capacity until the project ended in 1962. He retired from the University of Minnesota in 1963.

Tyler was considered a pioneer in the field of radio and television education. He began teaching radio and television courses at the University in 1938. He served as the secretary and research director of the National Committee on Education by Radio (1931-1936), was editor of the Journal of the Association for Education by Radio-Television, and served on the executive committee of the Educational Press Association of America. From the guide to the Tracy F. Tyler papers, 1933-1964, (University of Minnesota Libraries. University of Minnesota Archives [uarc])

Robert E. Underwood, Jr. was born January 21, 1931 in Pennsylvania. He attended St. Joseph's College and the University of Illinois. Underwood worked for many years as the Network Manager for the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, from at least 1957 to 1964. He authored the Network News column in the NAEB newsletter. Later, Underwood worked as the assistant director of admissions and records at the University of Illinois. Underwood died on August 21, 2010.

University of Minnesota Audio Visual Library Services is an organization within the larger university. Alongside radio station KUOM, it helped to produce numerous radio programs broadcast by the University of Minnesota.

University of Minnesota University Media Resources is an organization within the larger university. It helped to create numerous radio programs broadcast by the University of Minnesota.

Verne Varney was a radio broadcaster for station WHA at the University of Wisconsin. He hosted series including "4-H Club of the Air".

Donald Voegeli (b. 1920) was a musical composer and professor at the University of Wisconsin. Voegeli served as the music director for radio station WHA. He was also a freelance radio and television composer. Among his many compositions was the theme music for National Public Radio's "All Things Considered" series. Much of Voegeli's work was done in "electrosonic studio" at the University of Wisconsin, where he used instruments like synthesizers. He also worked with the National Center for Audio Experimentation. Voegeli died in 2009.

The University of Kentucky in Lexington, KY is a land grant institution founded in 1865. The University evolved through three stages before becoming the University of Kentucky in 1916: the Agriculture and Mechanical College of Kentucky University, 1865-78, a private, denominational institution in Lexington created by an act of the legislature on February 22, 1865; the Agriculture and Mechanical College of Kentucky, 1878-1908; and State University, Lexington, 1908-1916. A statute in 1916 changed the name to University of Kentucky. The new president took up the investigating committee's recommendation to write a constitution, which provided for a faculty-administration university senate. A graduate school was established in 1924. Among the new buildings was a central library. Enrollment doubled the first year after World War I and doubled again in the 1920s, totaling 4,992 in 1932, when the impact of the Depression was greatest. Emphasis upon nonstate funding continued. In 1988-89 $60 million in research grants and contracts and $22 million in developmental gifts were awarded.

WBKY established itself at 91.3 in the new FM band in 1947 making it the first FM college radio station in the United States. The broadcast facilities and transmitter were located in McVey Hall on the University of Kentucky's main campus. The station was on the air nightly for three hours, every evening, five nights each week. In 1971, WBKY became a charter member of National Public Radio. On October 1, 1989, WBKY became WUKY and in January of 1990 and the transmitting wattage was increased to 100,000 watts.

WDUQ was the former radio station of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It first signed on in 1949. The station broadcast National Public Radio programs, local and regional content, and jazz. It produced at least four iterations of the series "Exploring the child's world" between 1962 and 1966. In 2007, the station was instructed to stop airing advertisements for Planned Parenthood of Western Pennsylvania due to Duquesne University being a Catholic university. The university sold the station in 2011, and it was rebranded with a new call sign, WESA.

WNAD, the University of Oklahoma's radio station, was founded in September 1921 and was a member of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. In 1936, it was producing about 45 programs per week, 95% of which were educational and 5% of which were entertainment. Its program types were 50% music, 33% speaking, 10% dramatics, and 7% miscellaneous. That year, it also added academic courses taught by university professors and engineering lectures given by university students to its radio lineup. It was also one of the largest non-commercial stations in the U.S. at the time. In 1939, it reported that radio dramas were a major piece of its overall operations. In 1941, WNAD applied for an additional frequency so that it could broadcast all day instead of sharing its time with other stations. By 1947, WNAD had an estimated 500,000 listeners and launched the Oklahoma School of the Air to formalize its educational programs.

Professor of business economics in the University of Michigan School of Business Administration.

Professor Ross Johnston Wilhelm, a University of Michigan business economics professor whose commentaries on business and political issues were nationally syndicated, was born January 20, 1920 in Arlington, New Jersey. He married Rowena May in 1944.

Wilhelm received his BA and MBA degrees from Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1963. Wilhelm was a Professor of Business Economics in the Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Michigan.

His radio program, "Business Review" was heard from 1961 to 1981 on WUOM, and was nationally syndicated. He also wrote a column "Inside Business" which appeared regularly in more than 300 newspapers. Wilhelm received the University of Michigan Distinguished Service Award in 1963, and the Janus Award for the best business-oriented radio program in the nation in 1973.

Wilhelm died on March 22, 1983, at age 63.